BYTE SHIFT

HELLO WORLD

Han Erim

November 3, 2015


In this article, I will explain an interesting phenomenon that arises when wireless communication is established with moving reference frames — a situation I call "BYTE SHIFT".

First, we need to briefly discuss how wireless communication works. In wireless communication, electromagnetic waves carry the data. Each signal has a frequency and, accordingly, a specific wavelength. The relationship between a signal's wavelength and frequency is defined as follows:

speed of light constant = frequency × wavelength.

Message transmission occurs as follows: the sender device turns the message into an uninterrupted stream of 0s and 1s and converts it into an electromagnetic signal, transmitting it sequentially. The receiver detects the electromagnetic signal, retrieves it in the order it arrives, and converts it back into a message. Each wave component of the signal (a segment equal to its wavelength) forms one link in the data chain and carries 1 bit of data — representing either a 0 or a 1. To represent a single alphabet character, 8 bits are needed. This group of 8 bits aligned together is called a Byte.

DOPPLER SHIFT ON THE SIGNAL

We know that electromagnetic waves directed toward a moving target are subject to a Doppler Shift. The Doppler Shift appears as a change in the signal’s wavelength (and therefore its frequency). If the target is moving away, the Doppler Shift is positive; if it's approaching, the shift is negative. The change in wavelength is defined by the following equation.

Doppler Shift

For more detailed information about the Doppler Shift, you can refer to the following links:
1) Doppler Shift
2) Alice Equation

In the equation above, you can think of the "v" value as the relative velocity between the reference frames of the sender and receiver. But it’s not exactly like that. You can find the full explanation in the article Alice Equation.

By analyzing how the "HELLO WORLD" message broadcast from a transmitter is distorted as it travels toward moving receivers due to the Doppler Shift, we can indirectly obtain all the information and explanations necessary for our topic.

HELLO WORLD message

Let’s assume we have two airplanes moving in opposite directions, and we transmit our "HELLO WORLD" message from a single source (Figure 2). When the airplanes reach the “Meeting Point” (where both receivers are equidistant from the transmitter), the message should have reached both aircraft. Let’s examine and calculate what kind of Doppler Shift effect is exerted on the Bits (and therefore Bytes) that carry the data.

The following EXCEL table performs all the necessary calculations regarding what is happening. Please take a look at the table now.

BYTE SHIFT
You can download the Excel file of the table from here: Byte_Shift_en.xls
Aircraft Speeds (MACH) 2.5
Signal Frequency (GHz) 3.18
Transmitter Distance (kilometers) 500
Speed of Light (m/s) 299792458
Aircraft Speed (m/s) 850
Transmitter Distance (millimeters) 500000000
DOPPLER SHIFT ON THE SIGNAL
If the receiver is stationary λ₀ = Speed of Light / (Signal Frequency × 100000) 94.27435786
For departing aircraft λ₁ = λ₀ × (c+v)/c 94.27462516
For approaching aircraft λ₂ = λ₀ × (c−v)/c 94.27409057
At the Meeting Point
How many bits fill the distance between receiver and transmitter? (1 Bit length = λ)
n₀ bits (for stationary target) = distance / λ₀ 5303669.114
n₁ bits (for departing aircraft) = distance / λ₁ 5303654.076
n₂ bits (for approaching aircraft) = distance / λ₂ 5303684.151
How many Bits are shifted between aircraft? (n₂ - n₁) 30.075
How many Bytes are shifted? ((n₂ - n₁) ÷ 8) 3.759
SIGNAL: "HELLO WORLD"
Number of Characters 11
Number of Bytes 11
Number of Bits (1 Byte = 8 Bits) 88
Total signal length for departing aircraft = λ₁ × Bit / 1000 (meters) 8.296167
Total signal length for approaching aircraft = λ₂ × Bit / 1000 (meters) 8.296120
Distance caused by bit shift at meeting point = n₁ × (λ₁ - λ₂) / 1000 (meters) 2.835

In the above figure, prepared using the calculated values in the table, you can see how the "Byte Shift" occurs. At the Meeting Point, both aircraft receivers are equidistant from the transmitter. However, since the planes are moving in opposite directions, the wavelength of the signal originating from the same source differs for each aircraft. This difference in wavelength causes a 2.835-meter spatial displacement between the positions of the signals in the sky at the Meeting Point. As a result, while the receiver of the receding aircraft receives the character "L", the approaching aircraft receives the character "W". Therefore, a "Byte Shift" has occurred.

How fascinating — with just a few lines of equations, we’ve managed to lay the Electromagnetic Theory to rest. Now let’s cover the coffin with soil: If the speed of an electromagnetic wave were truly constant (c) in all reference frames, then there should not have been any 2.835-meter difference in the signal at the Meeting Point, and both receivers should have captured the same character from the "Hello World" message. But clearly, this is not the case. There is a major deficiency, a significant flaw, in the Electromagnetic Theory.

Even more wonderful is the fact that we now have the technology to measure something like in Figure 4 with incredibly high precision. This measurement will definitely be made one day. If I were in the shoes of scientists and physicists, I’d act quickly.

Since the year 2000, in all versions of the Alice Law programs, I have explained how the speed of light constant should be interpreted, the true mathematics of Electromagnetic Theory — namely (c+v)(c−v) mathematics — and its implications. When I first began to explain this 15 years ago, of course, the Alice Law was not as developed and comprehensive as it is today. But now, it is extremely advanced and competent. I sincerely recommend reading the sections of the Alice Law 7 program to better understand the new mathematics of Electromagnetic Theory and the new results it brings. You can download it or read it on the website at aliceinphysics.com. Even from the information on this page alone, it’s possible to reach many correct conclusions. But I must remind you — the majority of this new knowledge already exists at aliceinphysics.com.

The Alice Law is the Future of Physics.

Thank you for reading.

Han Erim

----------------------------------------------------

Second Part: Byte Shift and Signal Speeds

Link