BYTE SHIFT

HELLO WORLD

Section 2

SIGNAL SPEEDS

Han Erim

30 November 2015

In the first part of the article, we examined how Byte Shift occurs on electromagnetic signals during wireless communication with moving frames (reference systems) due to the Doppler Shift. In this second part, I will explain the signal speed towards a moving frame by utilizing the Byte Shift phenomenon.

To avoid repetition, I did not explain what was covered in the first part of the article. Therefore, if you have not read the first part yet, I kindly ask you to start with that.

Our scenario here consists of two airplanes moving in opposite directions, a mountain, and a signal transmitter (Figure 1). As the airplanes approach the "Meeting Point", the "HELLO WORLD" message is transmitted. We will analyze the moment at the "Meeting Point", where the signal receivers in the mountain and on both airplanes are equidistant from the transmitter.

Since we are calculating the signal speed, let’s construct the scenario as follows: At the moment the meeting point is reached, the signal receiver on the mountain is receiving the 44th Bit of the "HELLO WORLD" message. Since the "Hello World" message consists of 88 Bits, the 44th Bit corresponds exactly to the midpoint of the message. Now let's perform the necessary Byte Shift calculations and find out which Bit of the message the airplanes are receiving at the "Meeting Point".

In Figure 2 above, we see that the signals come from the same transmitter, but the transmitter is not included in the figure because it is at a great distance. The figure was prepared based on the Excel table below. You can download the Excel file for detailed analysis here.

As shown in the figure, due to Byte Shift, the receiver on the mountain receives the Space character, while the receiver on the receding airplane receives the L character, and the receiver on the approaching airplane receives the O character. However, since we are discussing signal speeds, we should speak in terms of Bits rather than Bytes.

As seen in the calculations, the signal chain carrying the "HELLO WORLD" message is shifted by +1.4176 meters for the receding airplane and -1.4176 meters for the approaching airplane. Based on these distances, the positions of the 44th Bit are marked in the figure. We will use the positions of the 44th Bit in the next stage to find the signal speeds.

As a note; in the figure, it appears as though the signals continue traveling after reaching their destinations. In reality, this would not happen — the journey of a signal ends the moment it reaches its target. The figure is illustrated in this way because this representation was preferred for the required calculations.

Note: The values used here are for calculation purposes. In real-world applications, small variations may occur.

 

Calculation of Signal Speeds

Figure 3 was prepared based on the values in the Excel table. Since we know the positions of the 44th Bit for all three frames, let us write down their distances from the signal transmitter.

Distances of the 44th Bit from the signal transmitter:

For the receding airplane: 500000 + 1.4176 = 500001.4176 meters

For the approaching airplane: 500000 - 1.4176 = 499998.5824 meters

For the mountain: 500000 meters

Arrival time of the signal from the transmitter to the mountain receiver:

Δt = Distance / Speed of Light = 500000 / 299792458 ≈ 0.00166782 seconds

During this time:

• The signal to the receding airplane travels 500001.4176 meters,
• The signal to the approaching airplane travels 499998.5824 meters.

With this information:

For the receding airplane: (c + v) × Δt = (299792458 + 850) × 0.00166782 = 500001.4176 meters

For the approaching airplane: (c - v) × Δt = (299792458 - 850) × 0.00166782 = 499998.5824 meters

As a result:

• Speed of the signal to the mountain = c = 299792458 m/s
• Speed of the signal to the receding airplane = c + v = 299793308 m/s
• Speed of the signal to the approaching airplane = c - v = 299791608 m/s

(c+v)(c-v) Mathematics for Electromagnetic Theory

Without delving into theoretical explanations, I have shown that the (c+v)(c-v) mathematics is valid for Electromagnetic Theory based on Doppler shift equations.

It is important to emphasize that the fact that electromagnetic waves from the same source travel at different speeds to different moving targets does not mean the violation of the "c" constant.

In this example, the speed of light constant is preserved:

• Speed of the incoming signal relative to the receding airplane = 299793308 - 850 = 299792458 m/s
• Speed of the incoming signal relative to the approaching airplane = 299791608 + 850 = 299792458 m/s

In conclusion, an electromagnetic wave travels at the speed of c relative to the reference frame of its destination. The example on this page illustrates this.

The mathematics of Byte Shift demonstrates that electromagnetic waves can exhibit different speeds relative to moving targets, and that the speed of light constant must be interpreted correctly.

It should be emphasized that: The speed of an electromagnetic wave traveling toward a moving target has never been measured.

If this measurement had been made during the construction of Electromagnetic Theory, the information presented here would be known by everyone today.

The (c+v)(c-v) mathematics extends Electromagnetic Theory and addresses its shortcomings.

I hope that scientists will consider this work and that the Byte Shift measurement will be conducted. This measurement will make a significant contribution to Electromagnetic Theory and bring great progress in science.

Thank you for reading.

Han Erim