The Relationship Between
Doppler Shift, Signal Speed, and Wave Mechanics
Han Erim
Independent Researcher
8 December 2025
DOI:
https://zenodo.org/records/17919673
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In this study, using the Doppler Shift, it is demonstrated that the
speed of an electromagnetic wave (signal) varies according to reference
systems.
The main findings of the study can be summarized as follows:
From the perspective of the
Target Object, the speed of a signal arriving at or approaching
it is always constant and equal to “c” in the
Target Object’s own
reference frame.
When there is relative motion
between the Source Object and the Target Object, the speed of
the signal emitted by the Source Object in its own reference system is different from “c” value.
In the Doppler Shift, the change
in wavelength occurs at the moment
the signal is emitted, and is independent
of the distance between the Source and Target Objects.
In the Doppler Shift, the
change in wavelength and the
change in emission speed of the signal occur simultaneously
in accordance with
wave mechanics.
Emitted Signal Speed = Signal frequency × Modified wavelength of the
signal
These results show that there are various deficiencies and errors
in Electromagnetic Theory. The presented study makes corrections to
these deficiencies and brings Electromagnetic Theory to a more
consistent and explanatory level.
II – METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In the explanation of this study, a signal transmitter device that
generates a homogeneous and uniform electromagnetic wave has been used.
The frequency of the device is assumed to be constant and f0.
With this frequency value, the wavelength of the sinusoidal signals
produced by the device will be, according to the equation c = f0 .
λ0. Therefore, the values f0
and λ0 are
accepted as the basic factory
characteristics of the device. It is assumed that all signal
transmission operations considered in the study are carried out with
these fixed-frequency signal generators. One of these devices is placed
on the aircraft, and the others on the signal towers.
Figure 1 – Device used in
the study.
Information note:
All figures used in this article are created from frames taken from the
relevant animations. The star symbol (★) in the figure descriptions
indicates that the relevant figure has a watchable animation.
You can watch these animations while reading the article here.
Experimental Setup:
In the First Section of the explanation:
As seen in Figure 2 below, there is a tower at position O in the
center, and two side towers
at positions A and B on both
sides.
Figure 2 – The tower at
position O in the center sends signals to the towers at A and B.
In Figure 3, there is an aircraft passing over position O, and again
towers are located at
positions A and B in the same
way.
Figure 3 – As the
aircraft passes over position O,
it begins to send signals to the towers A and B.
The distances of the side towers A
and B to position O are equal to
each other. In the
study, first signals were sent from the central tower to the side
towers A and B, and then signals
were sent from
the aircraft to the towers A
and B, and the two situations
were compared; the wavelength changes due to the Doppler Shift and the
signal speeds were examined based on these comparisons.
In the Second Section of the explanation:
As seen in Figure 4, this time signals were sent from the side towers A
and B to the aircraft in the middle, and
again the wavelength change and signal speeds arising due to the
Doppler Shift were examined.
Figure 4 – As the
aircraft passes over position O, the towers A and B begin to send
signals.
In order to clearly see how the formation of the Doppler Shift
and the signal speeds differ according to the source and target
reference frames, the motion of the towers and the aircraft has been
chosen to be along the same line. In this way, it has been made more
evident which physical quantities the changes in wavelength and wave
speed arise from.
III – EXPLANATION OF THE SUBJECT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EVENT
(First Section)
1) Signal is Sent from the Central
Tower
The tower at the central position O
sends signals to the towers A
and B, which are at equal
distances from it.
Figure 5 – The central
tower sends signals to the side towers.
Development of the event:
− The tower starts to send the
signal at moment t1. − The signals moving in both
directions reach the side towers at moment t2. − Travel time of the signal: t
= t2 − t1 − The distances covered by the
signals going to the right and left Since the signal speed is “c”: AO = BO = c·t − Representation of the covered
distances in terms of wavelength: The source and target
towers are motionless relative to each other. Therefore, there is no
change in the wavelength of the signal, and the fixed wavelength value λ0 of the device remains
valid. Therefore, the
distance covered is:
AO = BO = n·λ0 The value of n: n = c·t / λ0 Since the towers are
motionless relative to each other, the wavelength of the signal will
not change here.
In Figure 6 below, the arrival moment of the signals and the related
mathematical equations are shown.
figure 6 (★) – The signals sent
by the central tower have reached the towers on both sides.
2) Sending Signals from the Aircraft
to the Towers
At time t₁, the aircraft passing over point O begins to send signals
to the
towers on both sides. The speed of the aircraft is taken as “v”.
Figure 7 – The aircraft
sends signals to the side towers.
Due to the motion of the aircraft, it is clearly observed that the wavelengths of
the signals change.
In the animated version of the figure, this situation can be seen
clearly without any explanation. − The wavelengths of the signals
going toward the A tower behind the
aircraft are stretched
and shown as λ1. − The wavelengths of the signals
going toward the B tower in front of
the aircraft are shortened
and shown as λ2. Summary of the sequence of events:
At moment t1, when the aircraft is at position O, the
signal emission begins. − Since the signals set out from
position O, they arrive at the
towers A and B, which are at equal
distances from
point O, at the same moment t2
. − Travel time of the signals: t
= t2 − t1 − At the initial moment of the
event, t1, the aircraft is at position O. During the
time until the signals
reach the towers, the aircraft moves with speed v and at moment t2
it arrives at position C. The distance covered by
the aircraft during this time: CO =
v·t − The aircraft emits signals in
both directions with the same
frequency. Therefore, the numbers of wave trains formed in both
directions are equal. This number is denoted by “n” in the
figure.
In the reference frame of the aircraft itself,
the paths covered by the signals sent to the towers are shown as
follows: Signal going to the left side (toward
tower A):
Tower A is receding from the
aircraft with speed v. In this case, the path covered by the
signal going to tower A:
In terms of speed and time: AC = c·t
+ v·t = (c+v)·t
In terms of wavelength: AC = n
· λ1 Signal going to the right side (toward
tower B):
Tower B is approaching the
aircraft with speed v. In this case,
the path covered by the signal going to tower B:
In terms of speed and time: BC = c·t
− v·t = (c−v)·t
In terms of wavelength: BC = n · λ2
In the figure below, the arrival moments of the signals at the towers A
and B and the related mathematical
equations are shown.
At this point, we can clearly see the
fundamental error made in Electromagnetic Theory. According to
Electromagnetic Theory, the speed of electromagnetic signals sent from
a source must always be “c”, regardless of
which reference
frame is considered. According to the ground reference frame and the
reference frames of the side towers A
and B, the fact that the speed
of the signals is “c”
is clearly seen in the figure and is beyond dispute. In contrast, when we move to
the reference frame of the
aircraft, the physical picture changes completely. In the
reference frame of the aircraft, the speed of the signals going to
tower A becomes “c+v”, and the
speed of the signals going to tower B
becomes “c−v”. Taking into
account that the travel time of the signals to towers A and B is t = t2
− t1, the signal speeds in the reference frame of
the aircraft are easily calculated:
In the reference frame of the aircraft:
The speed of the signals going to tower A:
The speed of the signals going to tower B:
are obtained.
Therefore, the fact that the speeds of the signals sent by the aircraft
become c±v instead of c
constitutes a clear contradiction with the electromagnetic theory,
which asserts that the speed of light
must be constant in all reference frames. This result
shows that the theory does not correctly reflect reality at a very
critical point.
figure 8 (★) – The signals
transmitted by the aircraft reach the side towers.
Another important finding revealed by the graph is
this: All the signals going to the left side have the same wavelength (λ1).
Similarly, all the signals going to the right side have the wavelength λ2.
These changes in wavelength occur independently of the
characteristic
properties of the device emitting the signal and at the moment the signal is
emitted.
In the animation version of the figure, this process can be clearly
observed.
The factory settings of the device theoretically satisfy
f0= c / λ0
although this equality holds, assuming that the wavelengths of the
signals emitted by the device will always be λ0 does not
reflect the
real physical situation. Here λ0 is only a reference wavelength. The
physical
quantity that determines the change in wavelength is the relative
velocity “v”
between the Source Body and the Target Body.
Doppler Shift Equation
As seen in the Doppler Shift equation, the change in wavelength occurs
by applying a ratio determined by v. Therefore λ0 is the basic reference
quantity on which the change occurs.
Physically, the fact that the relative velocity between the Source Body
and the Target Body can take any value
means that the wavelengths of the signals produced by the device may vary in
infinite diversity. The
device sends signals not only to the towers, but simultaneously to many
bodies moving at different speeds and in different directions relative
to it. Since these signals are produced by the same device, their
frequencies remain the same, but their wavelengths take different
values depending on the relative velocity between the Source and the
Target.
When the shapes formed by the signals together in the sky are examined
in the figure, it is seen that homogeneous
wave trains are formed on both sides. This is an expected result
because the device operates at a fixed frequency and the aircraft moves
in uniform linear motion. At the same time, this appearance reveals a
very important physical fact: “In the Doppler Shift, the change in
wavelength occurs during the emission of the signal.”
Taking into account that the change in the signal wavelength occurs at
the moment the signals are emitted, it will be easier to understand how
extraordinary the physical mechanism we are dealing with really is.
3- Comparison
In Figure 9 below, Figures 6 and 8 are placed one under the other so
that they can be seen together for comparison purposes. • In the upper part, the case
where the aircraft sends
signals to the towers at positions A
and B (Figure 8), • In the lower part, the case
where the tower at the central position
O sends signals to the side towers (Figure 6) is shown.
figure 9 (★) – The arrival of
the signals sent from the tower and the aircraft at the towers located
at positions A and B.
The summary of the sequence of events in Figure 9 is as follows:
− At moment t1
the tower at position O and
the aircraft are aligned, and the signal emission begins exactly at
this moment. − At moment t2
the signals reach the towers at positions A and B, and at the same moment t2
the aircraft has reached position C. − Since both the aircraft and the
central tower use the same type of signal generator, during the time
interval t = t2 − t1
both sources emit the same number of
waves, namely “n” waves in both directions. − For the signals sent from the
central tower to the side towers, since the towers are at rest relative
to each other, the wavelength of these signals does not change and
remains λ0 in both directions. In contrast, for the
signals sent from the aircraft, since the aircraft and the towers are
in motion relative to each other, • the wavelength of
the signals going to the left increases → λ1 • the wavelength of
the signals going to the right decreases → λ2 in this way it
changes. As can be clearly
seen on the figure, λ1 > λ0 >
λ2 is the ordering that is
obtained.
Calculation of signal speeds in the
aircraft’s reference frame
Using the quantities given in the figure, the speeds of the signals
sent to the A and B towers can
be calculated in a very
simple way according to the aircraft’s reference frame. Signal going toward tower A:
Since the aircraft and tower A
are moving away from each other,
the distance traveled by the signal
AC = (c + v) · t Therefore, the speed of the signal going to tower A according to
the aircraft’s reference frame is:
Signal going toward tower B:
Since the aircraft and tower B
are approaching each other, the
distance traveled by the signal:
BC = (c − v)
· t
Thus, the speed of the signal going to tower B according to the
aircraft’s reference frame is:
Basic result:
These results clearly and indisputably show that in the aircraft’s
reference frame:
the speed of the signals going to the left tower A is c+v,
and the speed of the signals going to the right tower B is c−v.
This finding contradicts the fundamental assumption of electromagnetic
theory stating that “the speed of light must always be c in all
reference frames,” and shows that this assumption does not fully
reflect physical reality.
IV- MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
DERIVATION OF THE DOPPLER SHIFT EQUATIONS
It is clearly understood from the following basic fact that the
quantities obtained from the figures correctly represent the real
behavior of nature:
The equation giving the wavelength change in the Doppler Shift can be
directly derived from the geometric and temporal relations in the
figures, without the need for any additional information.
Below, using the information provided by Figure 9, the derivation
of the Doppler Shift equations is shown. Signal arrival time:
The arrival time of the signals emitted from the aircraft to the towers
at positions A and B:
t = t2 − t1
t1 : the moment the signal is emitted t2 : the moment the signal arrives at the towers
During the time interval t, the aircraft moves with speed v and
comes from position O to position C. Obtaining the wavelength of the
signals going from the aircraft to the tower A on the left:
The aircraft and tower A are moving away from each other.
Obtaining the wavelength of the
signals going from the aircraft to the tower B on the right:
The aircraft and tower B are approaching each other.
V- VARIOUS MEANINGS OF THE DOPPLER SHIFT EXPRESSION:
In the Doppler Shift equation, the speed term v represents the
relative speed between the Source Body and the Target Body. In this
study, in order to analyze how the Doppler Shift equations arise, the
motion of the towers and the aircraft has been chosen along the same
straight line. For this reason, the value v, which is the speed of the
aircraft, appears directly in
the Doppler Shift expression.
The Doppler Shift can be interpreted in relation to different physical
parameters. These interpretations are presented below under three
headings. 1) Interpretation based on relative
speed
In this approach, the Doppler Shift expresses the change in the
wavelength of the signal as a result of the relative speed between the
Source Body and the Target Body. Here, the determining parameter is the
value v.
λx :
Modified wavelength λ : Original wavelength
of the signal emitted when the Source Body and the Target Body are at
rest with respect to each other v : Relative speed
between the Source Body and the Target Body c : Speed of light
constant 2) Interpretation based on distances
(emission–arrival relation)
Here, the parameters are distances. The Doppler Shift equation can be
expressed in terms of the distances between the Source Body and the
Target Body at the instants of emission and arrival of the signal.
Expressing the Doppler Shift in this way:
Wavelength of the signals going to tower A:
Wavelength of the signals going to tower B:
signal travel time: t = t2 − t1
Distance between the aircraft
and the towers at the moment of
emission of the signal: AO = OB = c · t
Distance between the aircraft and tower A at the moment of arrival of
the signal: AC = (c
+ v) · t
Distance between the aircraft and tower B at the moment of arrival of
the signal: BC = (c
−v)
· t 3) Interpretation based on signal
speeds
In this interpretation, the determining parameters are the speed values
of the signal with respect to the reference frames of the Source Body
and the Target Body. The Doppler Shift can be expressed in terms of the
relative speed of the emitted signal with respect to the Source Body
and the Target Body.
Wavelength of the signals going to tower A:
Wavelength of the signals going to tower B:
Speed of the signal going to
tower A according to the
aircraft’s reference frame: c1= c + v :
Speed of the signal going to
tower B according to the
aircraft’s reference frame: c2 =
c − v : A and B towers: speed of the
signal
arriving to them according to their reference frames: c
VI - REPRESENTATION OF SIGNAL SPEEDS BY WAVE MECHANICS
Even if, in the reference frame of the aircraft, the speed of
the signal it emits differs from the value c, Wave Mechanics is still
fully
preserved in this case as well. It is clearly demonstrated here that
the signal speeds c+v
and c–v,
obtained in the reference frame of the aircraft, are in complete
agreement with Wave Mechanics.
According to Wave Mechanics, the speed of a wave is:
Wave speed = Wavelength × Frequency
In the reference frame of the aircraft, it has been obtained in the
previous sections that the speed of the signal it sends to the left
(towards tower A) is c+v , and
the speed of the signal it
sends to the right (towards tower B) is c–v.
The speed of the signals sent from the middle tower is “c”
and the equality c = f0 ·
λ0 is satisfied.
1) Wave Mechanics for the signals
sent from the aircraft to tower A:
We use the Doppler Shift equation [1] obtained in Section Four (the
aircraft and Tower A are moving away from each other).
This result shows that the signal going to tower A propagates, in a way
consistent
with Wave Mechanics, with its frequency, wavelength and speed. 2) Wave Mechanics for the signals sent
from the aircraft to tower B
The same procedure is applied here. By using the Doppler Shift equation
[2] previously obtained in Section Four (the tower and the aircraft are
approaching each other), the result is obtained.
3) Results
As can be clearly seen in the equations [3] and [4] that we have
obtained, if the wavelength of the
signal changes at the moment of emission, then the emission
speed of the signal becomes different from the constant “c”.
It must be especially emphasized here that this speed value is the
value of the speed with respect to
the reference frame of the Source Body that emits the signal. 4) What are the frequencies of the
signals coming from the aircraft to the towers, according to the towers?
According to the reference frame of the Target Body to which it will
arrive, the speed of a signal coming to it is always constant and equal
to c.
The wavelength of the signal arriving at tower A is λ1, and
the signal has arrived at it with speed c.
Therefore, the frequency of the incoming signal will be:
The wavelength of the signal arriving at tower B is λ2,
and the signal has arrived at it with speed c.
Therefore, the frequency of the incoming signal will be:
VII - THE PATH TO THE FUTURE OF PHYSICS
At this stage, I would like to talk about a subject that directly
concerns the future of physics and will guide the science of physics in
the years ahead. Under normal circumstances, such assessments appear at
the end of a study, but here I felt the need to make an exception.
Because in order to understand the continuation of the topic, we must
first demonstrate the existence of a very special and extraordinary
situation.
Let us suppose that we are observing a galaxy whose distance is millions or
even billions of light-years
away. In such observations, the Doppler
Shift always clearly manifests itself. But how is this possible?
As shown in the previous sections, the change in wavelength in the
Doppler Shift occurs at the moment
the signal is emitted. The real meaning of this phenomenon is as
follows: A star in that distant galaxy emits
light as if it knew the speed of the Earth relative to itself,
adjusting the wavelength of the light it emits so as to satisfy the
Doppler Equation.
The electromagnetic signal that leaves the star to travel to
the Earth begins its journey, which will last millions/billions of
years, with a modified
wavelength. When the signal reaches the Earth, we measure the
wavelength (or frequency) of the signal and, by using the Doppler Shift
equation, we calculate whether the star/galaxy is receding from us or
approaching us.
The critical point here is this:
The distance between the star and
the Earth has no importance whatsoever in this mechanism.
Even if the galaxy were a billion
times a billion light-years away from us, the Doppler Shift
would arise in exactly the same way.
For the Doppler Shift to occur, nature must contain a mechanical
infrastructure that determines the wavelength of the signal at the
moment of emission and that physically produces the (c+v) (c–v)
mathematics in the signal speed. If the universe did not possess such a
mechanical infrastructure, the phenomenon called Doppler Shift could not arise
in any way.
At present, there is no clear
information in physics about what this mechanical infrastructure is.
The existing theoretical frameworks tell us how the Doppler Shift is
calculated; however, they cannot provide a satisfactory explanation as
to why and how this mechanism exists.
The results obtained in this study —that the change in wavelength
occurs at the moment of emission and that the signal speed relative to
the reference frame of the Source Body can be different from c— add a
new depth to the subject of the Doppler Shift. However, this study also
does not reveal what this “mechanical infrastructure” is; it only
points to its existence in a much stronger and more direct way.
Therefore, before the science of physics stands a great
question that will shape future research:
What is the true nature of
this hidden mechanism of the universe that makes the Doppler Shift
possible?
The answer to this question will be one of the fundamental
building blocks that determine the future of physics.
VIII – SUBJECT EXPLANATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EVENT (SECOND
PART)
THE SIDE TOWERS SEND SIGNALS TO THE
AIRCRAFT
In the first part of the subject explanation, while
demonstrating the formation of the Doppler Shift, the simplest scenario
was chosen: Signals are emitted from the aircraft and are sent to the
towers that remain stationary at the sides. Since the speed of the
signals going to the towers is c in the ground
reference frame, there is no physically contradictory situation that
could be objected to in this scenario. Thus, the setup can comfortably
demonstrate the formation of the Doppler Shift, show that the signal
speeds in the reference frame of the aircraft are different from c, and present
their relations with wave mechanics. The reason why the signal
wavelength changes is also quite understandable when the figures are
examined carefully.
In this second part, the flow of events is handled from a
different perspective. Here, the towers located on the sides send
signals to the aircraft in the middle. At
the initial moment of the event, when the aircraft is at position O,
the towers begin to send signals.
Since the towers and the aircraft are in motion relative to
each other, the Doppler Shift will inevitably occur in this case as
well. The fundamental question that needs to be answered here is: Where and how does the change in
wavelength occur, and what are the speeds of the signals that the
towers send to the aircraft? 1) Incorrect assumption:
Let us assume that the signals are emitted from the towers in all
directions with speed “c”
(Figure 10). When the
signals reach the aircraft, which is moving with speed “v”,
one may think that an effect in the form of (c+v) and (c–v) will occur
depending on the direction of motion of the aircraft. Although this may
appear reasonable at first glance, this assumption is not compatible
with physical reality.
Because if this assumption is accepted as correct, it would
imply that the speed of the signals arriving at the aircraft in its own
reference frame is not “c”. In this
case, in the aircraft's reference
frame, the speed of the signals arriving from the front would be
c+v, and the speed of the
signals
arriving from behind would be c–v. This would lead to the following
physical contradiction: the aircraft would sense a decrease in energy
from signals coming from behind (as implied by c–v)
and an increase in energy from signals arriving from the front (as
implied by c+v).
However, in the Doppler Shift, the situation is exactly the opposite.
In the Doppler Shift, c–v
represents an increase in energy
(wavelength decreases), and c+v represents a decrease in energy
(wavelength increases). Therefore, this assumption is not compatible
with nature and cannot explain physical reality.
Figure 10 – The side
towers send signals to the aircraft with speed c.
2) Correct Assumption:
If we assume in the
reference frame of the aircraft that the speed of the signals
arriving at it is c
and then produce the mathematical solution, we immediately see that the
correct result appears. However, this approach has a natural
consequence:
The speed of the signals sent by the left A tower to the aircraft,
according to the tower’s own reference frame, must be c+v.
The speed of the signals sent by the right B tower to the aircraft,
according to its own reference frame, must be c–v.
(Figure 11)
In the first part, we found that the speeds of the signals
sent from the aircraft to the towers were c+v
and c–v. Could a
similar situation be
valid here as well?
Figure
11 – The left tower sends signals to the aircraft with speed c+v, and
the right tower sends signals with speed c–v.
Now let us see that this solution path is indeed correct.
Although we cannot presently explain why the speeds of the signals sent
by the towers to the aircraft change (I am referring to the mysterious
mechanical infrastructure of the universe O), there is a simple and
effective
way to prove that this solution path is correct. For this, it is
sufficient to refer to the Galilean
Principle of Relativity. This principle easily shows that this
solution is correct and leaves no room for debate. Galilean Principle of Relativity:
The fundamental laws of physics are the same in all reference frames
moving at constant velocity relative to each other.
The Galilean Principle of Relativity states that the laws of physics
hold in the same way in all reference frames that move without
acceleration (at constant velocity). It points to many logical
consequences from which we can benefit in physics. By making use of
these logical consequences, it is often possible to reach a solid and
correct conceptual consistency. Here we will follow the same method.
Below are some important results that have been obtained by using this
principle and are directly related to our subject. 1) The distinction between moving body
and stationary body is not absolute.
Within the logic of physics, if two bodies are in motion relative to
each other, the question of “which one is moving and which one is at
rest” has no physical answer.
With respect to a specifically chosen reference frame, we may assume
either of these two bodies to be at rest. Such a choice will not
produce any difference in the physical processes between the two bodies. 2) Who sends the signal does not
change the physical result.
Due to the previous reasoning, in our example of the towers and the
aircraft, it should not be important which one sends the signal. The
change in the signal wavelength depends on the relative velocity
between the Source Body and the Target Body, but it does not depend on
which body sends the signal. Since the wavelength of the signal sent by
the aircraft to tower A is λ1, the wavelength of the signal
sent by tower A to the aircraft will again be λ1. Similarly,
since the wavelength of the signal going from the aircraft to tower B
is λ2, the wavelength of the signal that tower B will send
to the aircraft will be λ2. 3) For a given body, the “speed of the
incoming signal” is universally c.
According to the reference frames of towers A and B, the speed of the signal coming to
them is constant and equal to c, therefore, in
the reference frame of the aircraft, the speed of the signal coming to
it must be c.
Is this condition satisfied? It is seen from Figure 11 that this
condition is satisfied.
According to the aircraft, the speed of the signal coming to it from
tower A: c = (c+v)–v
According to the aircraft, the speed of the signal coming to it from
tower B: c = (c-v)+v 4) The mutual arrival times of the
signals must be simultaneous.
Since the signals that the aircraft sends to towers A and B reach these
towers in time t and simultaneously,
the signals that the towers send to the aircraft must also reach the
aircraft in time t and simultaneously.
5) The speeds of the signals sent by
the towers must be (c ± v).
According to the reference frame of the aircraft, since the speed of
the signal it sends to tower A is
c1= c
+ v = f0.λ1,
then, according to the reference frame of tower A, the speed of the
signal it sends to the aircraft must also be
c1=
c + v = f0.λ1 .
A similar situation exists for tower B. According to the reference
frame of tower B, the speed of the signal it sends to the aircraft c2 =
c −
v = f0.λ2
will be.
I believe that these examples are sufficient to demonstrate
the logical consistency provided by the Galilean Principle of
Relativity. It is also clear how these logical results should correctly
appear in the figures and animations: The figure must be constructed so
that all the conditions stated above are satisfied, and the
mathematical arrangements must be made accordingly.
There is only one solution path that satisfies the conditions
completely:
The signals emitted from tower A must be
sent to the aircraft with speed c+v, and the signals emitted from
tower B must be sent with speed c–v.
The following figures show two situations.
Figure 12 – The aircraft
sends signals to the towers with speeds (c+v) and (c–v).
Figure 13 – The towers
send signals to the aircraft with speeds (c+v) and (c–v).
In Figure 14 below, the arrival moments of the signals are shown
comparatively.
In the upper part of the figure, the signals are sent from the
aircraft; in the lower
part, the signals are sent from the
side towers.
In both cases the signals have reached their targets. The figure
fully satisfies all the conditions required by the Galilean Principle
of Relativity.
figure 14 (★) – Comparative
graph prepared using the Galilean Principle of Relativity
When the data obtained from the figure are examined,
it is seen that the same mathematical
equations are valid in both scenarios.
Thus, the Second Part —which would normally be very difficult
to explain— is explained easily by using the Galilean Principle of
Relativity, and moreover, without requiring any additional mathematical
derivation. If I attempted to explain the second part in the usual way,
I would need to write a description consisting of hundreds of pages,
and much of what I explained would be lost among theoretical
predictions and uncertainties. The Galilean Principle of Relativity is
an extremely powerful and fundamental principle in the consistent
explanation of physical phenomena.
IX – FINDINGS AND RESULTS
This study has revealed extremely important findings that directly
concern the fundamental cornerstones of physical theory. The results
obtained are summarized below in itemized form: 1. The physical meaning of the speed
of light constant is misunderstood.
The most fundamental finding of this study is as follows:
The speed of light constant “c”
represents the speed of a signal that is coming toward an object with
respect to the reference frame of that object.
For all bodies, the speed of a signal arriving to them is
constant and equal to “c”. 2. The emission speed of the signal
with respect to the Source Body is not constant.
In the reference frame of the Source Body, the speed of an emitted
signal can take any value depending on which Target Body the signal is
traveling to. Due to the relative velocity between the Source Body and
the Target Body, the speed of the signal takes a value of the form c' =
c±v.
This speed value is also in full agreement with Wave Mechanics. 3. The speeds of signals emitted
simultaneously from the Source Body are, in most cases, different from
each other.
Let us consider a star as a Source Body. The star simultaneously sends
light signals to almost an infinite number of bodies located near it or
very far away around it. Almost all of these bodies move with different
speeds and in different directions with respect to the star. Therefore,
in the reference frame of the Source Body, that is, the star, the
speeds of signals that are emitted at the same time but travel to
different target bodies will be different from one another.
Consequently, it is not correct to assume that the signals emitted
simultaneously from the Source Body are “propagated as the surface of a
sphere expanding in space with speed c”. Such a model ignores the fact
that, in reality, the signal speeds with respect to the Source Body can
take different values such as c+v,
c−v, and therefore it has lost
its validity.
In Figures 1, 5, 6, and 7 of the study, spherical drawings depicting
the emission of the signals have been deliberately included, although
it is known that they are incorrect. Signals are never emitted in the
way shown in those figures. 4. The change in wavelength in the
Doppler Shift occurs at the Source Body and at the moment of emission.
The magnitude of the change in wavelength is determined by the relative
velocity between the Target Body and the Source Body.
As a prediction, I would like to state here that “in the Doppler Shift
process, the Source
Body plays a passive role,
merely generating and emitting the signal; whereas the Target Body
plays an active role in
determining the change in wavelength”. 5. At the moment a signal is emitted,
the Target Body toward which it will travel is physically determined.
The journey of the signal ends when it reaches its target.
Electromagnetic radiation is always an interaction that takes place
from one body to another; therefore, it is not possible for a signal to
be emitted without there being a target body to which it will
eventually arrive. 6. These findings clearly show that
there is a fundamental deficiency/error in Electromagnetic Theory.
Contemporary Electromagnetic Theory accepts only the constant value c
for signal speeds and does not include the (c+v) (c−v) mathematics
that we have broadly
seen here. Electromagnetic Theory must be reformulated so as to
incorporate the (c+v) (c−v) mathematics. 7. When this reformulation is made,
there will be no need for the Theory of Special Relativity.
When Electromagnetic Theory fully adopts the (c+v)
(c–v) mathematics, it will
reach a
state in which it can correctly describe the electromagnetic
interaction between bodies that are in relative motion with respect to
each other.
Such a theoretical structure will already contain within itself all
the physical phenomena that the Theory of Special Relativity attempts
to explain; therefore, there will be
no need for a separate theory such as the Theory of Special Relativity. 8) Alice Law is the Electromagnetic
Theory that uses the (c+v) (c−v) mathematics.
Since 2001, that is, for almost 25 years, I have been working on the (c+v)
(c–v) mathematics. All the
studies I
have prepared so far I have published under the name Alice Law. In the
early years, I was
evaluating Alice Law —that is, the (c+v) (c–v)
mathematics— on the basis of an alternative theory of relativity.
However, over time I understood that this mathematics in fact belongs to
Electromagnetic Theory.
Therefore today I can comfortably state the following: Alice Law is the Electromagnetic
Theory that uses the (c+v) (c−v) mathematics.
Just like the Theory of Relativity, Alice Law also has many predictions
and results that it points to. For example: • In Alice Law there are Time Shift
and Length Shift, • In the Theory of Special
Relativity there are Time Dilation
and Length Contraction.
What I am trying to explain here is this: If you measure that time slows down
somewhere, if you see a change in the size of a body, the reason for
this is the existence of Alice Law.
Approaching Alice Law with the concepts of the Theory of
Relativity is not a correct method.
Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that there are significant
structural differences between the predictions of the two theories.
You can access all my works related to the predictions and results of
Alice Law on my website aliceinphysics.com. 9) The path to the physics of the
future.
As Electromagnetic Theory advances on the basis of (c+v) (c–v) mathematics,
the true physical
meaning of the light-speed constant “c” will be understood better
and it will open the way to discovering that mysterious mechanical
infrastructure of the universe which makes this mathematics appear.
X – REFERENCES
[1] Einstein, A. (1991). Relativity
theory (G. Aktaş, Trans.). Istanbul, Turkey: Say Yayınları. (Original work published as
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory)
− The tower starts to send the
signal at moment t1.
