RELATIVE LIGHT SPEED

and

FINAL PROOF OF ALICE LAW

Han Erim

First publication: March 2005

(From Alice Law Version 5 Physics Program)

Re-prepared for web: 23 August 2011

In the previous section, we saw that the light coming from the lamp does not reach the vehicles with speed “c”. In this section, we will see with what speed the light actually travels toward the vehicles. In later sections, I will show you step by step why the photon behaves in this way. In the General Relativity part, the subject of the photon’s behavior will continue.

Animated Figure 1 – Since we have obtained the result that the light (photons) reaches the men in the vehicles with different speeds, I suppose the question has come to your mind: “Could there be something wrong in Albert Einstein’s physical postulates?” Let me remind you immediately that the proof in the first section was based on his postulates. Without those postulates, it would not have been possible to construct the proof in the first section.

Therefore, if we claim that his postulates are wrong, we remove the foundation of the proof and the proof becomes invalid. At this stage, we must think differently and first investigate whether there exists a mathematical solution in which, for each reference system, these postulates are valid with respect to that system. If such a solution path exists, it must be the correct path that leads us to the solution.

FIRST PHYSICAL POSTULATE

Principle of Relativity: For all reference systems, the same electrodynamic and optical laws are valid in such a way that they include the equations of mechanical physics.

This physical postulate clearly states that it accepts all the accumulated knowledge of physics up to that day (the postulates were published in 1905) coming from the past. We can summarize this accumulation of physics under the name of Classical Physics Laws.

The postulate asserts that these laws are invariant for all reference systems. In addition, it states that all the laws of electromagnetic theory must have the same invariance for all reference systems, just like the classical physics laws.

Personally, I think this postulate has definite logical validity, and I find it truly very important. In my opinion, without relying on this postulate, it is not possible to arrive at logical conclusions in physics.

SECOND PHYSICAL POSTULATE

Universal Light Speed: Light propagates in empty space with speed c independently of the speed of the source from which it is emitted.

It is not easy to reject this postulate. As in the past, today we still have many experimental data supporting it. For Alice Law, this postulate has great importance. Thanks to this postulate, Alice Law can express itself.

The two main conditions of the postulate are:
1) The speed of light must be measured as “c” in vacuum, that is, as a constant.
2) The speed of light must be independent of the speed of the source from which it is emitted.

Animated Figure 2 – In the figure, the vehicle moves with a constant speed. Let the man inside the vehicle detect that at time t1 two light signals enter from the front and back simultaneously, and that at time t2 these light signals reach him simultaneously. According to the postulate, if the man measures the speed of light, he must find it as “c”.

While measuring the speed of light, the man will use his own clock and his own ruler, and he will perform the calculation using the equation “speed = distance / time”. The result of this measurement has been fixed with experimental accuracy. Therefore, measuring the speed of light as “c” is a necessary condition.

Animated Figure 3 – Let us combine the situation of the man in the vehicle with the 1st proof of Alice Law. The man in the vehicle measures the speed of light as “c”. However, when we look from our external reference system, we have calculated that the speed of light going to the vehicle is not “c”.

As a proposed solution, let us make the following assumption: If the speed of the vehicle is “v”, let the speed of the photon entering the vehicle from behind be (c+v), and the speed of the photon coming from the front be (c–v).

In this case, for the external observer the speed of light will not be “c”, but the observer inside the vehicle will always measure the speed of light as “c” using his own clock and ruler. We will examine whether this assumption can provide a solution without invalidating Einstein’s postulates.

Animated Figure 4 – We represent the distance-time graph of a vehicle moving with constant speed as shown above. By dragging the vehicle up and down, you can follow the positions of the lights and the vehicle as a function of time.

Animated Figure 5 – We can also show the same graph by inverting it. Here the red line is the distance-time graph of the photons emitted from the lamp. We can simultaneously follow the positions of both the vehicles and the light.

Animated Figure 6 – Move the vehicle you see downward and examine, at each position, the states of the lights and the vehicles. If the lights flash when the midpoints of the vehicles coincide with the symmetry axis:

• At time t1 the lights reach the vehicles simultaneously with speeds (c+v) and (c−v).
• At time t2 the lights reach the midpoints of the vehicles simultaneously.
• At time t3 the lights leave the vehicles.

Let us not forget that the photons reach the ground observer with speed “c”, and that this speed is shown by the red line in the graph.

The three-square differences in the graph represent the distance-time lines of the speeds (c+v) and (c−v). All the lines are straight because the speed is constant; if the motion were accelerated, the lines would be curved.

These graphs clearly show that light moves according to the (c+v), (c−v) mathematics, and thus they visually complete the “Final Proof”.

Animated Figure 7 – Let Alice and the Black King be two different reference systems. All objects have their own FIELD. Fields are real physical entities just like mass; however, they have not been given sufficient importance up to now.

Mass and field cannot be separated from each other. When the object moves, its field moves together with it.

Animated Figure 8 – In everyday life, we cannot see the fields. In the regions that we think of as empty space, there are in fact fields. Physical events always occur on these fields. Here, the two reference systems are at rest with respect to each other, so the speed of the photon is “c” in both systems.

Animated Figure 9 – If the Black King moves, then according to Alice the speed of the photon going toward the King becomes (c+v). In the King’s own system, however, this speed is again “c”.

This is because the photon is traveling within the field belonging to the Black King. The relative speed of light is shaped according to the motion of the field in which it exists.

This is the fundamental logic by which Alice Law explains the relationship between light and field.