MEASUREMENT FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE VELOCITY (c+v)(c−v)  
Han Erim  
April 4, 2016  

The subject of this article is: "What kind of measurement would demonstrate the validity of the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics in Electromagnetic Theory?"

Solution: It would be sufficient to prove the validity of (c+v)(c−v) mathematics by measuring that two signals, sent simultaneously and reciprocally from two frames in relative motion, arrive simultaneously at both frames. The theoretical basis of this measurement is rooted in a principle of physics. The principle and its relation to (c+v)(c−v) mathematics form the content of this article.

A Physics Principle:

Let us consider two reference frames moving uniformly and linearly relative to each other. Each of these reference frames has the right to say: "My frame is stationary. The other frame is the one in motion."

This principle is independent of the speeds of the reference frames, the directions of motion, and the distance between them. Figure 1

(The coordinate axes in the figures indicate which reference frame is being used as the basis for analyzing the event.)

Rule:

Based on the principle, we can define the following rule: Signals sent simultaneously and reciprocally from Frame A and Frame B, which are in uniform linear motion relative to each other, will also arrive simultaneously at both Frames. The velocities, directions of motion, and distance between the Frames will not change this rule. Figure 2

The relationship between the principle and (c+v)(c−v) mathematics:

As a result, if we send signals simultaneously and reciprocally from two Frames moving uniformly and linearly relative to each other, these signals must arrive at both Frames at the same time. If we perform a measurement that confirms this situation, we test the validity of the Rule and therefore the Principle. At the same time, this measurement will also reveal the presence of (c+v)(c−v) mathematics. I will continue by dividing the topic into two parts from the perspective of the Frames:

1) Incoming Signals. Demonstrating that the signals arrive at the same time.
2) Outgoing Signals. Deriving the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics.

1) Incoming Signals. The signals will arrive at the same time.  
Let us see why the signals must arrive at both Frames at the same time. Figure 3

2) Outgoing Signals. Deriving the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics.  
If the signal velocity is analyzed based on the reference frame of the signal-emitting Frame, the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics is obtained. Figure 4 and Figure 5

Directly Measuring Signal Speed to Detect (c+v)(c−v) Mathematics

It is certainly possible to directly measure the speed of a signal sent toward a moving object. However, in order to detect the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics, the measurement must be made from the location where the signal was sent (Figure 4 and Figure 5). Let me clarify this one last time with an example: imagine we send a signal from a transmitter on the ground to an aircraft. If we measure the speed of the signal from the location of the transmitter, depending on the direction of the aircraft's motion, we will measure the signal speed as (c+v) or (c−v) (Figure 4 and 5). But if we make the same measurement from the aircraft, we will find the speed of the signal coming toward it to be "c" (Figure 3). Therefore, the measurement must be made by remaining at the sender’s side. Figure 6

Measuring the signal speed directly while staying on the sender’s side is quite difficult. This is because the coordinates of the moving frame at the moments of signal emission and reception must be known with zero error. Here, an additional challenge arises. The “true coordinates” of a moving object and the “image coordinates” from its visible position are not the same. If the position of the moving object is calculated using the image coordinates, the measurement will be inaccurate and will produce an incorrect result. The (c+v)(c−v) mathematics is based on true coordinates, and they must be used. Figure 7

Just to give an idea — it might be possible to make a direct measurement using the spacecraft we’ve sent into space. For example, there is a 5-second difference between a signal reaching Voyager I at speed c versus (c+v), considering it is currently 134,289 AU away from Earth and receding at 30 km/s. I don’t know if it’s possible, but if it can be measured, it should be. On the other hand, the fact that a signal sent from Voyager I to Earth has a speed of (c+v) relative to Voyager I’s frame is clearly evident. To see this, it is enough to apply the Principle and consider that Voyager I is stationary while the solar system and Earth are moving away from it.

It is also possible to reach the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics using a Byte Shift measurement. Due to the possibility of obtaining extremely precise results, the Byte Shift method could indeed be an excellent approach. However, I will not delve into that topic here. The measurement I propose here is probably the simplest and easiest. Because it does not matter where the frames are, how fast they are moving, in which direction, or the distance between them. The only thing that needs to be done is to send the signals simultaneously from both frames and determine how long it takes for the incoming signals to arrive. However, we face a very, very serious obstacle: how can we be sure that both signals were sent at exactly the same time?

(c+v)(c−v) Mathematics, the Theory of Relativity, and “Simultaneity”

Let us imagine that this measurement was made in the early 1900s, before the Theory of Relativity existed. If the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics had been confirmed by such measurements back then, the Theory of Relativity likely wouldn’t exist today.

Had we conducted this measurement in the early 1900s, we would have assumed that the clocks placed in Frame A and Frame B would run synchronously, regardless of the speeds of the Frames. We would fully trust the clocks when it comes to the departure and arrival times of the signals. We would not have any notion like “moving clocks run slower,” which is a result of the Theory of Relativity. Since our focus is the measurement of (c+v)(c−v) mathematics, there would be no need to worry about the tick-tock intervals of the clocks in Frame A and Frame B. No matter how fast the Frames are moving, we would assume the clocks run in sync and carry out the measurement accordingly.

It should be noted that, according to the results of (c+v)(c−v) mathematics, a receding clock will appear to run slower, while an approaching clock will appear to run faster. If, from Frame A, we measured the time signals from the clock in Frame B, we would find that the tick-tock intervals of Frame B’s clock have lengthened by

tB= tA . (c+v)/c

However, as can be seen in the equations, this difference is entirely due to the Doppler Shift. There is no real effect that alters the actual functioning speed of the clocks within the framework of (c+v)(c−v) mathematics.

tB= tA . (c-v)/c

(since the Frames are moving apart).  If the Frames were moving toward each other, we would measure that Frame B’s tick-tock intervals have shortened by

The (c+v)(c−v) measurement must be conducted completely independently of the Theory of Relativity, excluding it and all its logical consequences. Any doubt about whether the signals depart at exactly the same time is unnecessary and unjustified.

Measuring (c+v)(c−v) Mathematics

This part, which is entirely an engineering matter, is naturally beyond my expertise. However, as a concept, I believe that two aircraft equipped with the necessary instruments could be used for this measurement. According to the principle, the speeds of the aircraft, their directions of motion, and the distance between them do not matter, as long as they are in uniform linear motion.

For example, suppose the aircraft send a signal every 5 minutes and record the exact arrival times of the incoming signals. A comparison of these signal arrival times, as shown in the table below, would provide the necessary result. It must be observed that the arrival times are equal. If equality is achieved, it would confirm the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics as explained above (Figure 4 and Figure 5).


The table symbolically represents the signal records between two aircraft moving apart from each other at a speed of 600 km/h, starting from a distance of 100 km.

About the Measurement

I would like to point out that it is not possible to disprove the Principle, and consequently the Rule derived from it, because the Principle is very old, very strong, and deeply rooted. Therefore, this article is actually a logical proof of the (c+v)(c−v) mathematics. I sincerely hope you have realized this. However, of course, the necessary measurement must still be performed and verification must be carried out.

WHAT IS THE ALICE LAW?

Over time, I have had to redefine the Alice Law in different ways at different times. As of April 2016, its definition is as follows:

Alice Law: The Electromagnetic Theory based on (c+v)(c−v) mathematics.

I kindly ask you to verify the Alice Law experimentally.

Han Erim

REFERENCES

1) FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY (c+v)(c-v) MATHEMATICS
http://www.aliceinphysics.com/publications/electromagnetic_theory/tr/electromagnetic_theory.html

2) BYTE SHIFT HELLO WORLD
http://www.aliceinphysics.com/publications/byte_shift/tr/byte_shift.html

3) BYTE SHIFT HELLO WORLD Part 2 SIGNAL SPEEDS
http://www.aliceinphysics.com/publications/byte_shift_2/tr/byte_shift_2.html

4) IMAGE AND SOURCE
http://www.aliceinphysics.com/publications/alice_law_7/tr/image_and_source.html

5) TIME DILATION
http://www.aliceinphysics.com/publications/alice_law_7/tr/time_dilation.html

6) SIMULTANEITY AND CO-LOCATION
http://www.aliceinphysics.com/publications/alice_law_7/tr/simultaneity.html